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New study finds no benefit from wearing masks for preventing coronavirus infection, but they cause many issues

9/4/2021

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The heavily debated topic of wearing masks as a preventative against the SARS-2 coronavirus is still an issue. On one hand it may appear to the media, the general public and politicians that wearing of masks makes sense to reducing your risks of this or other respiratory infections. But many published studies actually show that the wearing of masks has very limited scientific evidence, despite what you may have heard in the media or from health authorities.

A new study published in January 2021 has investigated and summarised many other studies on the use of different types of masks (or no masks) on the prevention of transmission of the SARS-2 coronavirus, as well as the health risks and complications that the wearing of masks may cause (Vainshelboim, 2021). This new study is very appropriate, with many people currently affected by governmental mask mandates.

Some interesting points in this new study, found these observations (which were found in other studies too):
  1. N95 respirator masks are tight-fitting commercial masks which have a filter for the incoming air to reduce exposure to infectious or damaging particles. The filter makes breathing more difficult. However N95 respirator masks offer NO protection to other people, if the wearer has any respiratory infection, as there is no filter on exhaled breath, hence can INCREASE the transmission of infections to others!
  2. Surgical masks are designed to be used in STERILE environments (such as in hospitals) more as a barrier against splashes, spit and other body fluids to prevent contaminating the wearer. As they are very loose fitting, they offer very little protection from infections to other people
  3. Fabric and cloth masks offer the most minimal protection or filtration
  4. The majority of COVID deaths were in the elderly with chronic health conditions already. The SARS-2 virus may exacerbate existing conditions but rarely causes death by itself
  5. Masks can restrict breathing, to cause hypoxemia (low oxygen pressure in the blood), hypercapnia (high carbon dioxide in the blood), increased respiratory complications, self-contamination (from repeated touching of surfaces and the mask, or breathing in contaminated air), and exacerbation of existing chronic conditions
  6. Conversely, increasing breathing and especially oxygen intake levels has been used for medical treatments for hospitalised patients and especially those with COVID-19 symptoms
  7. Mild or moderate hypoxemia or hypercapnia from wearing masks can change energy metabolism, decrease pH levels (towards acidic) in cells and blood, and cause toxicity, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, immunosuppression (poor immune function, at a time you really need it working!), and health deterioration
  8. Severe hypoxemia and hypercapnia can cause cardiopulmonary and neurological conditions, including heart attacks, arrhythmias, dizziness, high or low blood pressure, fainting, fatigue, headaches, and other issues including death
  9. Using surgical masks for a longer time (60 mins) can reduce the blood oxygen saturation by more than 1%
  10. Masks are ineffective at blocking viral particles that are much smaller than the gaps in the threads of the masks, and filtration of masks is very poor
  11. Breathing through masks increases the temperature and humidity of the mask and respiratory tracts, causing the release of toxic chemicals from the mask's materials, increasing the risks of breathing in other pathogens and toxic contaminants
  12. There have been studies looking at the effects that masks have on reducing transmission or infectivity between people infected with SARS-2. There was no difference in transmission rates between those who wore masks or not.
  13. Another study found no transmissions from an asymptomatic SARS-2 carrier to 445 others, even in a shared quarantine space for an average of 4-5 days
  14. Even amongst healthcare workers, masks and respirators were not effective against transmission of viral infections, in many studies
  15. One RCT study looking at cloth masks found a 13-times higher risk of flu-like illness, compared to those wearing a surgical mask or no mask
  16. More studies comparing N95 respirators and surgical masks found no reduction in virus transmissions in the community (even with over 33,000 participants)
  17. The World Health Organisation (WHO) changed their guidance on wearing masks from early 2020 to say that "masks were not required as no evidence was available for their benefit", to a few months later say that even cloth masks "can prevent the infected wearer transmitting the virus to others, and offer protection to the HEALTHY wearer against infection", but based on limited or no evidence
  18. The CDC has stated that only people with symptoms should consider wearing a mask, and in asymptomatic people the wearing of masks was not recommended
  19. There are many possible physical facial harms to the wearer of masks, such as lesions, dermatitis, worsening acne, and other discomfort
  20. People with mental health disorders, developmental disabilities, hearing problems, or living in humid environments, children, or those with respiratory conditions, are at SIGNIFICANT health risk for complications and harm
  21. Wearing of masks remove self-identity and affects social interactions and relationships, resulting in poor mental and physical health
  22. Wearing of masks was associated with a 50% increase in mortality due to depression, anxiety, and suicide
  23. The fear associated with the pandemic and effects of wearing masks activates the "flight or fight" response of higher cortisol (stress hormone) and its effects on the body - reduced brain function, and greatly reduced immune system function, being the natural and fundamental body system that is needed at this time to protect you from infections or to fight them
  24. The long-term consequences of wearing masks can be severe and devastating, as a result of physiological and psychological stresses and the hypoxemia and hypercapnia effects - including increased risks of heart disease and cancers, due to effects on the blood and a reduced function of the immune system.

The study concludes with the following points:
  1. Scientific evidence is lacking for the wearing of masks to reduce mortality or morbidity from infectious or viral diseases including the SARS-2 coronavirus
  2. Both medical and non-medical masks are ineffective to reduce human-to-human transmission and infectivity of SARS-2 and COVID-19
  3. Wearing of masks has adverse physiological and psychological effects
  4. Long-term consequences of wearing of masks on health are severely detrimental.

Local, state and federal governments, businesses and companies, public health advisors, doctors, and other healthcare practitioners MUST give quality advice based on the scientific evidence, NOT on what may appear to be common sense (that the wearing of masks in this alleged pandemic may appear to be). There is very little scientific evidence (or none that I have seen) that shows that wearing of any type of mask offers protection to the wearer or to others, for the prevention of transmission of viral respiratory infections, including the SARS-2 coronavirus.

All health authorities should reconsider the mask mandates in light of this study, and many others. There are other better ways to reduce the risks of this virus, and improve immune system function and overall health, to prevent infections or protect you from them. That is what they have NOT done thus far in this pandemic and this has to change.

Sadly you can't quote this and other studies as a reason to not wear a mask. But you can and should use the available medical exemptions to not wear one, especially for children, or those with respiratory conditions, mental health conditions, disabilities, or other valid reasons.
​
Stay healthy!

 
References:
Vainshelboim, B. (2021). Facemasks in the COVID-19 era: A health hypothesis. Medical Hypotheses, 146, 110411. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110411
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Brisbane coronavirus outbreak lockdown and masking

9/4/2021

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Based on just 4 alleged coronavirus cases here in Brisbane, the city has been locked down - schools closed, businesses shut, people told to stay at home, and masks mandated for the WHOLE STATE!

It is utterly ridiculous to make the whole state of 5 million people over 1.8 million square kilometres and stretching 7000km from the southern border to the top, to wear a mask based on 4 cases! There is NO science to justify this, and plenty of quality studies showing wearing of masks does nothing to stop the spread of respiratory infections or even COVID.

A reminder that despite the mask mandate, it is still dangerous for some people to wear a mask, and hence some people cannot wear a mask. So if you see someone without a mask, please don't launch into a tirade of abuse, but respect their reasons that you know NOTHING about. Leave them be.

In any case, if you are wearing a mask and someone else isn't, you are protected right?! It's nothing to do with you why they aren't wearing one. People are not going to deliberately not wear a mask, knowing the abuse that some people may likely give them.

There are some people exempted from wearing a mask:
1) Children 12 years or younger
2) Those with medically exempt conditions - often respiratory conditions, facial or skin conditions, but also mental health conditions, disabilities (ie deafness or need to communicate with someone with a disability), or many other conditions.

You also do not need proof for not wearing a mask. Some GPs can write a medical certificate letter for this exemption, but it is not needed, according to the Qld Health website.

Police or security or other staff may ask why you aren't wearing a mask, so just say "I have a valid medical exemption for not wearing one, thank you.". They may push their luck and ask for what your exemption is or for proof of the exemption. If you have a medical certificate for exemption, then show them. Even though proof of this is not required (again, according to the Qld Health website) showing proof can diffuse the situation more quickly. However police or security or other staff cannot ask you what your health issue is - that is private between you and your doctors. It is a medical privacy issue, and the reason why medical records are kept under tight security with access only to those who are legally allowed to see them. If asked, just say "I am under no legal obligation to tell you of my medical issues, which is covered by the Commonwealth Privacy Act of 1988".

If you are denied access to shops or services for not wearing a mask or any "No mask, no entry" signs, as there are many people who are misinformed on this issue, ask to speak to their manager. Remind them that refusing access to someone with a health issue and who has a legally valid exemption is breaking the law (Disability Discrimination Act of 1992) and substantial fines and penalties can apply to the person preventing access and to the business or organisation.

If you still get denied access to businesses or organisations or if you feel you are discriminated against for not wearing a mask, report them to the Human Rights Advocates who will contact the business and get them to change their policies based on law: www.humanrightsadvocates.com.au

For more information and links to the Qld Health website on the exemptions, or the other laws mentioned here, please refer to the attached document, or print this and take with you:

drive.google.com/file/d/1SsQeWm8Q0ZREdEGFP8BIRzR1i3hGCYVT/view?fbclid=IwAR0DgFK55vc_XoW-spiyams9TSXdRHssXhVkHfekSopJwKmM3ni_jW6gM6c

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Wearing a mask doesn't work to prevent the coronavirus, so lets try wearing 2 or even 3 masks

8/2/2021

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I have published some articles showing how ineffective masks are at either stopping transmission of any respiratory infection (including the coronavirus) or preventing you from getting it (or any other respiratory infection). Those articles were fully referenced from published studies, even showing the poor effectiveness of different masks for the coronavirus specifically.

In a pathetic attempt to make masking work, some alleged health officials are talking about "double-masking" or wearing of 2 masks, one on top of another to try and make it more difficult for a tiny virus to pass through 2 flimsy pieces of fabric instead of just one!

Then some other idiot health officials suggested "why not 3?"! As usual, the brainless media have already started promoting this idea as a great new step we must take to be free of the virus! (see attached photos). Why not then wear 10 masks?!

Where is the evidence of 75% or 90% effectiveness of wearing multiple masks? I would claim otherwise that multi-masking is 75-90% effective in reducing the ability to actually breathe... but who needs oxygen anyway?

Many people have found it difficult to wear even one mask, for many health reasons, and should not be required to wear one because they do make breathing more difficult. Also that the masks become lovely breeding grounds for opportunistic bacteria and fungi/moulds very quickly from the warmth and moist breath within minutes... which can increase the risk of more respiratory infections.

If double and triple-masking is recommended, would people need 2 or 3 medical exemptions, one for each mask?!

In another crazy recommendation seen recently, a swimming pool is recommending that people must wear a mask IN THE POOL! Can you imagine the difficulty with breathing if you are swimming laps with a WET mask stuck to your mouth and nose? I hope the pool has good insurance because people are likely to die from this stupid and dangerous advice.

Like these photos, this coronavirus circus is a joke.

Or you could just not wear a mask and support your immune system better to fight this and any other winter respiratory infection, which happens in the colder months for most people every year...
​
Stay healthy!
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LoCKDOWN IN BRISBANE and MANDATORY MASKS REQUIRED

8/2/2021

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So we have a 3-day COVID lockdown in Brisbane again, as a result of ONE case, but stricter restrictions than before with mandatory wearing of masks when you leave your home.

Masks are even required when driving your car, alone! There have been car accidents in other countries when mandatory masks were introduced, from people suffering hypoxia (low oxygen) causing poor judgment (from low oxygen to the brain) and blacking out.

Masks are even required when exercising, which is even more stupid, as you need to exhale and inhale faster to get more oxygen, and masks make that more difficult. Again people have collapsed and even died while exercising while wearing masks.

If children are not required to wear a mask, you have to ask why - because they NEED more oxygen, and masks can reduce that. If masks reduce oxygen and can affect children, then surely by the same logic, masks also reduce oxygen in adults?! Maybe not as much in healthy adults, but adults with chronic health issues, lung conditions, heart conditions, mental health conditions, or other reasons, will be more affected by having to wear a mask.

Luckily you can claim a medical exemption for not wearing a mask, if you are stopped and questioned by police. Just say you have a medical exemption. Government websites confirm that you do not need to have or provide proof of this. Police are not doctors and cannot ask you what your medical reason is - that is private information between you and your doctor.

One of the attached pics to the article was taken from the Qld Health website in March 2020, when they were saying that there was "no evidence" of masks being effective outside of a hospital environment to prevent a COVID infection or reduce transmission. They recommended to NOT wear a mask!

Another of the attached pics is a screenshot of another government website, showing that there is very little evidence for wearing of masks to reduce respiratory infections such as COVID! The website can only refer to a HAMSTER study showing a reduced incidence of COVID in hamsters separated by a surgical mask material! But COVID doesn't affect hamsters...

Another much better quality and HUMAN study, the "Danish mask study" conducted in over 3000 people, found that wearing surgical masks specifically for protection against COVID and for reducing transmission to others, that there was no statistical significance of any benefit in wearing such masks. The study also concluded that wearing of surgical masks in addition to other public health measures DID NOT reduce the incidence rate of COVID infections (Bundgaard et al, 2020).

I have written articles in 2020 with full references showing that many published studies of using masks for preventing respiratory infections including COVID, simply do not work. This is because:

1) People wear them incorrectly
2) People wear them for too long, and they become moist, which becomes a breeding ground for bacteria, causing more respiratory and/or skin infections
3) People keep touching the mask to adjust them, and "infecting" the mask
4) People use the wrong types of mask, or made from useless materials that won't prevent anything, such as from fabric, paper, old socks... etc
I won't repeat the details of the previous article and research on masks, but you can read that here - http://www.rosswalter.com.au/.../do-masks-protect-you-or...
I'm also appalled again (and have been since Feb 2020) that the government "health" departments are still not telling you how you can better reduce your risks of the coronavirus other than washing your hands and wearing a mask... There is a LOT more you can do! And I've continually been saying this and giving advice since Feb 2020!
At least the NHS (National Health Service, the national government health department) in the UK which has a service of offering free vitamin D supplements to those who are at high risk of coronavirus! (NHS, 2021). Testing for and/or making sure your vitamin D levels is one of the best things you can do to reduce your risks, as vitamin D is a massive immune system booster, and low vitamin D is the main cause of all respiratory infections during the colder months (when you don't get outside in the sun, because it's so cold!).

Other things you can do to reduce your risks are to:
1) eat a healthy and real food diet
2) get good quality and quantity sleep
3) reduce your stress exposure or improve how you handle stress, or use stress reduction techniques
4) use supplements and/or herbal medicines to help with the above, or to improve immune system function and for their antiviral actions
5) get outside more for fresh air, exercise, socialising, and sun time! Sadly, the current restrictions and lockdowns prevent you from doing these.

The ONLY reason you "get" an infection is because your immune defences were down. NOT because you weren't wearing a mask, or were in close proximity of someone else, or because the virus is SOOO contagious (it isn't!), or because the government said so... You only get infected when your immune system isn't working well, so do something about that with the above preventions!

Another way to reduce these restrictions and lockdowns is to not get tested, perhaps unless you are actually feeling unwell or your symptoms match that of COVID. Really, what's the point of getting tested when you are healthy and feeling well?! Because of major issues of accuracy with the PCR used for COVID testing, all you are possible going to do is get a false positive result, which the government will use to further tighten restrictions on everyone.

We are all in a massive medical and social experiment, where the people we elect or are supposed to be our health advisors do not have a clue what they are doing, and making decisions which are illogical, dangerous, and unscientific, and making all of our lives worst for it.

Stay healthy!

References:
Bundgaard, H., Bundgaard, J.S., Raaschou-Pedersen, D.E.T., von Buchwald, C., Todsen, T., Norsk, J.B., Pries-Heje, M.M., Vissing, C.R.,. Nielsen, P.B., Winsløw, U.C., Fogh, K., Hasselbalch, R., Kristensen, J.H., Ringgaard, A., Andersen, M.P., Goecke, M.B., Trebbien, R., Skovgaard, K., Benfield, T., Ullum, H., Torp-Pedersen, C., & Iversen, K. (2020). Effectiveness of Adding a Mask Recommendation to Other Public Health Measures to Prevent SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Danish Mask Wearers. Annals of Internal Medicine. DOI: 10.7326/M20-6817

NHS. (2020). Get vitamin D supplements. Retrieved 9th January 2021 from https://www.nhs.uk/.../people.../get-vitamin-d-supplements/
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Masks were not recommended in the 2003 SARS coronavirus pandemic, and people were fined for recommending masks!

10/8/2020

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In the 2003 SARS coronavirus pandemic, health officials and scientific experts were recommending that people NOT wear a mask, as they were not an effective protection against the virus!

Individuals and companies that were "cashing in" on the promotion of masks for prevention were being fined $22,000 and $100,000 respectively as a penalty, as there was no scientific evidence that they were effective. The same studies show this today with the new coronavirus, despite what "common sense" or logic may suggest.

Masks then were only possibly useful for 15-20 mins, after which they became damp from moisure from your breath, and they stopped doing their job, and actually increased your risks of respiratory infections.

Here's a link to a news article at the time:
https://www.smh.com.au/national/farce-mask-its-safe-for-only-20-minutes-20030427-gdgnyo.html

Nothing has changed with the science, except that masks are being recommended and people are being fined for NOT wearing one (of any dubious quality or material), despite the evidence that they don't work.

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Do masks protect you or prevent coronavirus infections?

6/7/2020

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There is a growing push in these times of the coronavirus, bizarrely many months into the plandemic, to wear a mask for alleged prevention of the virus. So what is the truth of wearing a mask - can a mask prevent a coronavirus infection or reduce your risks? We'll see...

The push to wear a mask for coronavirus prevention and protection seems to be much more in the USA than other countries, possibly due to the highest incidence rates of the virus, combined with a media industry which borders on propaganda more than facts, and vulnerable people who believe the media scare campaigns. Sadly, the mask-wearing people have taken that propaganda and turned against those who are not wearing a mask in public, with verbal abuse, beatings, and preventing people from shopping for groceries or travelling to work. The abusers seem to have lost their brains, that if you are wearing a mask and you believe it will protect you, then it is of no concern of yours what other people do, or not do such as not wearing a mask if they choose to! This is ironically similar to the vaccine issue, but that's a whoooole other topic for another day!

Being in Australia as I am, next to no-one is wearing a mask when going out in public to the shops etc. You would be lucky to see one person in a thousand wearing a mask!

Here are some facts regarding the use of masks for coronavirus protection or prevention:
  1. Look at the boxes of sterile medical masks and note what the box says. It will usually have statements such as "resistance to penetration by synthetic blood", "single use only", "Re-use or extended use, beyond ONE HOUR may lead to infection or cross-contamination", "store in a cool, dry place. Avoid excessive heat (40C or 104F) (but in hot weather or a fever and on your face, this is a problem!), "this mask should not be used in any surgical setting or where significant exposure to liquid, bodily or other hazardous fluids may be expected", "should not be used in a clinical setting where the infection risk levels through inhalation exposure is high" or "Wearing an ear loop mask (ie, a "surgical mask") does not reduce the risk of contracting any disease or infection" or "<company name> makes no warranties, either express or implied, that the mask prevents infection or the transmission of viruses or diseases", or more specifically for the coronavirus with one box of masks quoting "this product will not provide any protection against COVID-19 (coronavirus) or other viruses or contaminants". Seems like a pretty accurate assessment of their own product...
  2. The standard "ear loop" surgical masks are not meant to be worn for long, and appear to only offer minimal protection from larger splashes of body fluids like blood or mucus from coughing or sneezing (FDA, 2020), but are not designed to filter or stop tiny viruses! In addition, these masks are loose fitting and often have gaping holes in the sides, top, or bottom, hence only very minimal protection.
  3. The N95 respirator masks (also known as P2 masks in Australia) that sold out within days of the coronavirus outbreak, may offer more protection in that they are more fitting to the face and less gaps around the edges. These are for the protection from airborne particles and liquid contamination to the face (FDA, 2020). These are named as they filter out 95% of airborne particles (CDC, 2020a). These should be discarded after each patient encounter.
  4. The Centers of Disease Control (CDC) in the US does NOT recommend that the public wear N95 respirators to protect themselves from respiratory diseases including coronavirus (COVID-19). But these N95 respirators must be reserved for health care workers (FDA, 2020).
  5. But instead, the CDC recommends that the general public use simple cloth face coverings when in public to slow the spread of the virus! (FDA, 2020).
  6. People with chronic respiratory, cardiac, or other medical conditions that make breathing difficult should check with their doctor before using N95 masks, as they can make it more difficult to breathe! (FDA, 2020).  N95 respirators are also labelled as "single-use" or disposable devices.
  7. N95 masks are not designed for children or those with facial hair, as a proper fit cannot be achieved (FDA, 2020).
  8. Some N95 masks come with a valve, to make breathing easier. But these valves permit droplet release from the mask, thus putting others at risk! As such, these masks may protect the wearer only, but not those around them who are more at risk of a viral infection (Healthline, 2020).
  9. If the medical-grade masks or respirators have the above warnings on them, do you think your wearing of these masks for more than an hour, or even wearing your fancy home--made masks made from spare fabric are going to give you any better protection?! Nope.

So what does the science say? Here goes:
  1. A very recent article published in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine (Klompas et al., 2020) quoted "wearing a mask outside health care facilities offers little, if any, protection from infection", and "The chance of catching Covid-19 from a passing interaction in a public space is therefore minimal. In many cases, the desire for widespread masking is a reflexive reaction to anxiety over the pandemic", no doubt from media scare campaigns and politicians who know nothing about health.
  2. The same NEJM article suggested that masks are symbols that "may help increase health care workers' perceived sense of safety" in their workplaces. And a similar symbolic benefit could also apply to the general public who might wear a mask, so if you wear one but someone around you doesn't, you are protected right?! No need to abuse that person for exercising their right to not wearing one. Perhaps they have a medical condition that precludes them from wearing one on advice from their doctor - it's none of your business!
  3. A recent study (MacIntyre & Chughtai, 2020) investigated the results of multiple trials on the use of masks and respirators in the community and healthcare settings. Trials in healthcare workers found that respirators (ie the N95/P2 type mentioned above) were effective if worn continually in a shift, but not effective if worn intermittently. Surgical masks were not effective, and cloth masks were even less effective and can even increase the risk of infection.
  4. An RCT study on using cloth masks in a hospital situation for 4 weeks found an increased risk of respiratory illnesses in people who wore them. The study also found that these masks allowed 97% penetration of infectious airborne particles compared to other medical masks at 44% (MacIntyre et al., 2015).
  5. The CDC recommends some people should NOT wear a mask - children younger than 2 years old, anyone who has trouble breathing, or anyone who is unconscious, incapacitated, or otherwise unable to remove the mask without assistance (CDC, 2020b).
  6. The CDC also recognise that masks may not be possible in every situation or for some people. Wearing a mask may exacerbate a physical or mental health condition, lead to an emergency or cause other safety concerns (CDC, 2020b). Under privacy laws, someone does NOT have the right to ask why you are not wearing a mask! It's illegal to ask, so you don't have to tell them.
  7. The CDC recommends that masks not be worn while engaged in activities that may cause the mask to become wet such as swimming or if the mask causes difficulty breathing, such as when exercising, or in hot and humid weather (CDC, 2020b). There have been reports of runners, cyclists, and even drivers suffering heat-related illnesses or breathing difficulties, or fainting and having accidents from wearing masks. Use common sense if you must wear a mask!

Our bodies are constantly in contact with microbes of many types, with most being benign or harmless or even beneficial to us! Only a few can cause infections. We cannot prevent contact with all of these microbes, hence it is best to focus instead on strengthening your immune system!

One possible benefit for wearing masks, however, is that those people participating in the recent BLM riots in the US and elsewhere were not likely to be able to be identified on CCTV cameras and therefore get away with their crimes. Perhaps similarly, those wearing masks might be able to evade the increasing number of facial recognition cameras and tracking systems that are being rolled out at the moment.
 
Some final questions to ponder:
  1. If the 1.5m social distancing recommendation works, then why do we now need masks 4 months into the plandemic?
  2. If masks work, then why do we still need to social distance ourselves?
  3. If both social distancing and masks work, then why do we still need the lockdowns?

The use of masks to prevent contracting a respiratory infection like the coronavirus or others, appears questionable based on evidence from published studies. Since both social distancing and masks don't work, the government recommendations to follow these instructions are all about compliance, and not for your protection or health.
 

 
References:
 Centers of Disease Control (CDC). (2020a). Understanding the difference: surgical mask vs N95 respirator. Retrieved 1st July 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/pdfs/UnderstandDifferenceInfographic-508.pdf

Centers of Disease Control (CDC). (2020b). Considerations for Wearing Cloth Face Coverings. Retrieved 4th July 2020 from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html

Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2020). N95 Respirators, Surgical Masks, and Face Masks. Retrieved 1st July 2020 from https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/personal-protective-equipment-infection-control/n95-respirators-surgical-masks-and-face-masks

Healthline. (2020). A Certain Type of N95 Mask May Do More Harm Than Good. Retrieved 1st July 2020 from https://www.healthline.com/health-news/certain-type-n95-mask-harm-covid19-spread

Klompas, M., Morris, C.A., Sinclair, J., Pearson, M., & Shenoy, E.S. (2020). Universal Masking in Hospitals in the Covid-19 Era. New England Journal of Medicine, 382: e63. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2006372

MacIntyre, C.R., Seale, H., Dung, T.C., Hien, N.T., Nga, P.T., Chughtai, A.A., Rahman, B., Dwyer, D.E., Wang. Q. (2015). A cluster randomised trial of cloth masks compared with medical masks in healthcare workers. BMJ Open, 5 (4): e006577. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006577

MacIntyre, C.R. & Chughtai, A.A. (2020). A rapid systematic review of the efficacy of face masks and respirators against coronaviruses and other respiratory transmissible viruses for the community, healthcare workers and sick patients. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 108: 103629. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103629
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